1 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Pet Car Seat Protector
1.2 Pet Car Seat Protector Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2022-2028)
1.2.2 Oxford Fabric Material
1.2.3 Poly-cotton Material
1.2.4 Polyester Material
1.2.5 Nylon Material
1.2.6 Others
1.3 Pet Car Seat Protector Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Comparison by Application: (2022-2028)
1.3.2 Online Sale
1.3.3 Offline Sale
1.4 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Market Size Estimates and Forecasts
1.4.1 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue 2017-2028
1.4.2 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales 2017-2028
1.4.3 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Size by Region: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
2 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.2 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.3 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Average Price by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.4 Manufacturers Pet Car Seat Protector Manufacturing Sites, Area Served, Product Type
2.5 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 The Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Pet Car Seat Protector Players Market Share by Revenue
2.5.3 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
3 Pet Car Seat Protector Retrospective Market Scenario by Region
3.1 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Retrospective Market Scenario in Sales by Region: 2017-2022
3.2 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Retrospective Market Scenario in Revenue by Region: 2017-2022
3.3 North America Pet Car Seat Protector Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.3.1 North America Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Country
3.3.2 North America Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Country
3.3.3 United States
3.3.4 Canada
3.4 Europe Pet Car Seat Protector Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.4.1 Europe Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Country
3.4.2 Europe Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Country
3.4.3 Germany
3.4.4 France
3.4.5 U.K.
3.4.6 Italy
3.4.7 Russia
3.5 Asia Pacific Pet Car Seat Protector Market Facts & Figures by Region
3.5.1 Asia Pacific Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Region
3.5.2 Asia Pacific Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Region
3.5.3 China
3.5.4 Japan
3.5.5 South Korea
3.5.6 India
3.5.7 Australia
3.5.8 China Taiwan
3.5.9 Indonesia
3.5.10 Thailand
3.5.11 Malaysia
3.6 Latin America Pet Car Seat Protector Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.6.1 Latin America Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Country
3.6.2 Latin America Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Country
3.6.3 Mexico
3.6.4 Brazil
3.6.5 Argentina
3.7 Middle East and Africa Pet Car Seat Protector Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.7.1 Middle East and Africa Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Country
3.7.2 Middle East and Africa Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Country
3.7.3 Turkey
3.7.4 Saudi Arabia
3.7.5 UAE
4 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Historic Market Analysis by Type
4.1 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
4.2 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
4.3 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Price by Type (2017-2022)
5 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Historic Market Analysis by Application
5.1 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
5.2 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
5.3 Global Pet Car Seat Protector Price by Application (2017-2022)
6 Key Companies Profiled
6.1 WeatherTech
6.1.1 WeatherTech Corporation Information
6.1.2 WeatherTech Description and Business Overview
6.1.3 WeatherTech Pet Car Seat Protector Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
6.1.4 WeatherTech Pet Car Seat Protector Product Portfolio
6.1.5 WeatherTech Recent Developments/Updates
6.2 PetsUp
6.2.1 PetsUp Corporation Information
6.2.2 PetsUp Description and Business Overview
6.2.3 PetsUp Pet Car Seat Protector Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
6.2.4 PetsUp Pet Car Seat Protector Product Portfolio
6.2.5 PetsUp Recent Developments/Updates
6.3 PetMyRide
6.3.1 PetMyRide Corporation Information
6.3.2 PetMyRide Description and Business Overview
6.3.3 PetMyRide Pet Car Seat Protector Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
6.3.4 PetMyRide Pet Car Seat Protector Product Portfolio
6.3.5 PetMyRide Recent Developments/Updates
6.4 Active-Pets
6.4.1 Active-Pets Corporation Information
6.4.2 Active-Pets Description and Business Overview
6.4.3 Active-Pets Pet Car Seat Protector Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
6.4.4 Active-Pets Pet Car Seat Protector Product Portfolio
6.4.5 Active-Pets Recent Developments/Updates
6.5 4Knines
6.5.1 4Knines Corporation Information
6.5.2 4Knines Description and Business Overview
6.5.3 4Knines Pet Car Seat Protector Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
6.5.4 4Knines Pet Car Seat Protector Product Portfolio
6.5.5 4Knines Recent Developments/Updates
6.6 Plush Paws
6.6.1 Plush Paws Corporation Information
6.6.2 Plush Paws Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Plush Paws Pet Car Seat Protector Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
6.6.4 Plush Paws Pet Car Seat Protector Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Plush Paws Recent Developments/Updates
6.7 Worldwise
6.6.1 Worldwise Corporation Information
6.6.2 Worldwise Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Worldwise Pet Car Seat Protector Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
6.4.4 Worldwise Pet Car Seat Protector Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Worldwise Recent Developments/Updates
6.8 BarksBar
6.8.1 BarksBar Corporation Information
6.8.2 BarksBar Description and Business Overview
6.8.3 BarksBar Pet Car Seat Protector Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
6.8.4 BarksBar Pet Car Seat Protector Product Portfolio
6.8.5 BarksBar Recent Developments/Updates
6.9 Pet Magasin
6.9.1 Pet Magasin Corporation Information
6.9.2 Pet Magasin Description and Business Overview
6.9.3 Pet Magasin Pet Car Seat Protector Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
6.9.4 Pet Magasin Pet Car Seat Protector Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Pet Magasin Recent Developments/Updates
6.10 Petbrill
6.10.1 Petbrill Corporation Information
6.10.2 Petbrill Description and Business Overview
6.10.3 Petbrill Pet Car Seat Protector Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
6.10.4 Petbrill Pet Car Seat Protector Product Portfolio
6.10.5 Petbrill Recent Developments/Updates
7 Pet Car Seat Protector Manufacturing Cost Analysis
7.1 Pet Car Seat Protector Key Raw Materials Analysis
7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
7.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Pet Car Seat Protector
7.4 Pet Car Seat Protector Industrial Chain Analysis
8 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
8.1 Marketing Channel
8.2 Pet Car Seat Protector Distributors List
8.3 Pet Car Seat Protector Customers
9 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Dynamics
9.1 Pet Car Seat Protector Industry Trends
9.2 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Drivers
9.3 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Challenges
9.4 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Restraints
10 Global Market Forecast
10.1 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Estimates and Projections by Type
10.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Pet Car Seat Protector by Type (2023-2028)
10.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Pet Car Seat Protector by Type (2023-2028)
10.2 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Estimates and Projections by Application
10.2.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Pet Car Seat Protector by Application (2023-2028)
10.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Pet Car Seat Protector by Application (2023-2028)
10.3 Pet Car Seat Protector Market Estimates and Projections by Region
10.3.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Pet Car Seat Protector by Region (2023-2028)
10.3.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Pet Car Seat Protector by Region (2023-2028)
11 Research Finding and Conclusion
12 Methodology and Data Source
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Author List
12.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2022-2028) & (K Units) & (US$ Million)
Table 2. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Application (2022-2028) & (K Units) & (US$ Million)
Table 3. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Market Size by Region (US$ Million) (2017 VS 2021 VS 2028)
Table 4. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Market Competitive Situation by Manufacturers in 2021
Table 5. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 6. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 7. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 8. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 9. Global Market Pet Car Seat Protector Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 10. Manufacturers Pet Car Seat Protector Manufacturing Sites and Area Served
Table 11. Manufacturers Pet Car Seat Protector Product Type
Table 12. Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 13. Global Pet Car Seat Protector by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Pet Car Seat Protector as of 2021)
Table 14. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 16. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 17. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 19. North America Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 20. North America Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
Table 21. North America Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 22. North America Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
Table 23. Europe Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 24. Europe Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
Table 25. Europe Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 26. Europe Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 28. Asia Pacific Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 29. Asia Pacific Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Asia Pacific Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 31. Latin America Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 32. Latin America Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
Table 33. Latin America Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. Latin America Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 36. Middle East and Africa Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
Table 37. Middle East and Africa Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Middle East and Africa Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
Table 39. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 40. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 41. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 42. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 43. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Price by Type (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 44. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units) by Application (2017-2022)
Table 45. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 46. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 48. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Price by Application (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 49. WeatherTech Corporation Information
Table 50. WeatherTech Description and Business Overview
Table 51. WeatherTech Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 52. WeatherTech Pet Car Seat Protector Product
Table 53. WeatherTech Recent Developments/Updates
Table 54. PetsUp Corporation Information
Table 55. PetsUp Description and Business Overview
Table 56. PetsUp Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 57. PetsUp Pet Car Seat Protector Product
Table 58. PetsUp Recent Developments/Updates
Table 59. PetMyRide Corporation Information
Table 60. PetMyRide Description and Business Overview
Table 61. PetMyRide Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 62. PetMyRide Pet Car Seat Protector Product
Table 63. PetMyRide Recent Developments/Updates
Table 64. Active-Pets Corporation Information
Table 65. Active-Pets Description and Business Overview
Table 66. Active-Pets Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 67. Active-Pets Pet Car Seat Protector Product
Table 68. Active-Pets Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. 4Knines Corporation Information
Table 70. 4Knines Description and Business Overview
Table 71. 4Knines Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 72. 4Knines Pet Car Seat Protector Product
Table 73. 4Knines Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Plush Paws Corporation Information
Table 75. Plush Paws Description and Business Overview
Table 76. Plush Paws Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 77. Plush Paws Pet Car Seat Protector Product
Table 78. Plush Paws Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Worldwise Corporation Information
Table 80. Worldwise Description and Business Overview
Table 81. Worldwise Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 82. Worldwise Pet Car Seat Protector Product
Table 83. Worldwise Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. BarksBar Corporation Information
Table 85. BarksBar Description and Business Overview
Table 86. BarksBar Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 87. BarksBar Pet Car Seat Protector Product
Table 88. BarksBar Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. Pet Magasin Corporation Information
Table 90. Pet Magasin Description and Business Overview
Table 91. Pet Magasin Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 92. Pet Magasin Pet Car Seat Protector Product
Table 93. Pet Magasin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Petbrill Corporation Information
Table 95. Petbrill Description and Business Overview
Table 96. Petbrill Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 97. Petbrill Pet Car Seat Protector Product
Table 98. Petbrill Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 100. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 101. Pet Car Seat Protector Distributors List
Table 102. Pet Car Seat Protector Customers List
Table 103. Pet Car Seat Protector Market Trends
Table 104. Pet Car Seat Protector Market Drivers
Table 105. Pet Car Seat Protector Market Challenges
Table 106. Pet Car Seat Protector Market Restraints
Table 107. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 108. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Table 109. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 110. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Table 111. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 112. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Table 113. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 114. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Table 115. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 116. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
Table 117. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 118. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
Table 119. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 120. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 121. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Pet Car Seat Protector
Figure 2. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Market Share by Type in 2021 & 2028
Figure 3. Oxford Fabric Material Product Picture
Figure 4. Poly-cotton Material Product Picture
Figure 5. Polyester Material Product Picture
Figure 6. Nylon Material Product Picture
Figure 7. Others Product Picture
Figure 8. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Market Share by Application in 2021 & 2028
Figure 9. Online Sale
Figure 10. Offline Sale
Figure 11. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue, (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 12. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Market Size (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 14. Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2021
Figure 15. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2021
Figure 16. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Pet Car Seat Protector Players: Market Share by Revenue in 2021
Figure 17. Pet Car Seat Protector Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2017 VS 2021
Figure 18. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure 19. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Sales Market Share by Region in 2021
Figure 20. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure 21. Global Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Market Share by Region in 2021
Figure 22. United States Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Canada Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Germany Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 25. France Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. U.K. Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Italy Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Russia Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. China Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Japan Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. South Korea Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. India Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Australia Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. China Taiwan Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Indonesia Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Thailand Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Malaysia Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Mexico Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Brazil Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Argentina Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Turkey Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Saudi Arabia Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. UAE Pet Car Seat Protector Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Sales Market Share of Pet Car Seat Protector by Type (2017-2022)
Figure 45. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Pet Car Seat Protector
Figure 46. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Pet Car Seat Protector
Figure 47. Pet Car Seat Protector Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 48. Channels of Distribution
Figure 49. Distributors Profiles
Figure 50. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 51. Data Triangulation
Figure 52. Key Executives Interviewed
